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School World Order Endnotes: Chapter 16

Chapter 16


1. "Educate,” Oxford English Dictionary, University of Oxford Press, accessed November 24,


2. “Educate,” Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Inc., accessed November 25,


3. Randall V. Bass and J. W . Good, “Educare and Educere: Is a Balance Possible in the Educa-

tional System?,” The Educational Forum 68 (2004): 162.


4. C. S. Lewis “Our English Syllabus,” quoted in Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt, The Deliberate

Dumbing Down of America: A Chronological Paper Trail, Revised and Abridged Ed. (Parkman, OH:

Conscience Press, 2011), 140.


5. Stefan Lorenz Sorgner, “The Future of Education: Genetic Enhancement and Metahumanities,” Journal of Evolution and Technology 25 no. 1 (2015): 32.


6. Richard Aldrich, “Nature, Nurture and Neuroscience: Some Future Directions for Historians of Education,” Pedagogica Historica 50 no. 6 (2014): 852.


7. Ibid, 859.


8. Paul Weindling, “Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain,” Journal of Modern European History 10 no. 4 (2012): 480-499.


World Transhumanist Association, “Do Transhumanists Advocate Eugenics?,” Transhumanist FAQ: Society and Politics, accessed November 25, 2018 , https://web.archive.org/web/20060909005028/http:/www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/66/


9. Julian Huxley, UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (Washington D. C.: Public Affairs

Press, 1948), 42.


10. Aleksandra Anđelković and Dušan Spasić, “Historical Outlines of Eugenics and Its Influences on Education,” Casopisza Društvene Nauke 39 no. 4 (2015): 1489-1490.


11. Michael Bess, “Enhanced Humans versus ‘Normal People’: Elusive Definitions,” Journal of

Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 649.


12. Julian Huxley, UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (Washington D. C.: Public Affairs Press,

1948), 9-10.


13. Ibid, New Bottles for New Wine (London: Chatto & Windus, 1957), 17.


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15. Henry McHenry and Donald C. Johanson, “Australopithecus: Fossil Hominin Genus,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus


16. Erik Trinkaus, Russell Howard Tuttle, and Frank L’Engle Williams, “Neanderthal: Archaic

Human,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Neanderthal


17. Erin Wayman, “What’s in a Name? Hominid Versus Hominin,” Smithsonian Magazine, November 16, 2011, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whats-in-a-name-hominid-versus-hominin-216054/


18. Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (New York: Viking, 1999), 14.


19. “Robots in Our Brains Will Make Us ‘Godlike’ Says Google,” BBC, October 2, 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34427570/robots-in-our-brains-will-make-us-godlike-says-google


20. Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (New York: Viking, 1999), 14.


21. Ibid, 255-256.


22. Jürgen Habermas, The Future of Human Nature (Oxford/Cambridge: Blackwell Polity,

2003), quoted in Fiachra Long, “Transhuman Education? Sloterdijk’s Reading of Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism,” Journal of Philosophy of Education 51 no. 1 (2017): 189.


23. Fiachra Long, “Transhuman Education? Sloterdijk’s Reading of Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism,” Journal of Philosophy of Education 51 no. 1 (2017): 177.


24. Ibid, 189.


25. H. Greely, B. Sahakian, J. Harris, R. C. Kessler, M. Gazzaniga, P. Campbell, and M. J. Farah,

“Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy,” Nature 456 (2008):702–5, quoted in Michael Bess, “Enhanced Humans versus ‘Normal People’: Elusive Definitions,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 642.


26. Stefan Lorenz Sorgner, “The Future of Education: Genetic Enhancement and Metahumanities,” Journal of Evolution and Technology 25 no. 1 (2015): 31.


27. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, “Social and Hu-

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28. United Nations, General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (General Assembly Resolution 217 A), (N: Paris, December 10, 1948), http://www.unesco.org/education/information/50y/nfsunesco/doc/hum-rights.htm


29. Institute of Bioethics and Human Rights, “Neurobioethics and Transhumanism Masterclass: Neurosciences That Love Human Beings,” UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Human Rights Newsletter, August 4, 2017, http://www.unescobiochair.org/2017/08/04/neurobioethics-and-transhumanism-masterclass-neurosciences-that-love-human-being/


UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Human Rights, “Training Courses,” accessed November 25, 2018,


30. Institute of Bioethics and Human Rights, “Neurobioethics and Transhumanism Masterclass: Neurosciences That Love Human Beings,” UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Human Rights Newsletter, August 4, 2017, http://www.unescobiochair.org/2017/08/04/neurobioethics-and-transhumanism-masterclass-neurosciences-that-love-human-being/


31. Ibid.


32. Information for All Programme, “Reports on the Activities of IFAP and Status of Implementation of the Recommendations of the 7th Session of the IFAP Council,” Intergovernmental Council for the Information for All Programme, Eighth Session (Paris: UNESCO Headquarters, 2014), http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002273/227377E.pdf


33. Julian Huxley, UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (Washington D. C.: Public Affairs

Press, 1948), 18.


34. Ibid, 20.


35. J. P. M. Geraedts and G. De Wert, “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis,” Clinical Genetics: An International Journal of Genetic, Molecular, and Personalized Medicine 76 no. 4 (2009): 315-325.

United States, National Library of Medicine, “Help Me Understand Genetics: What Are Genome Editing and CRISPR-Cas9?,” Genetics Home Reference: Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions, November 20, 2018, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting


36. Fiachra Long, “Transhuman Education? Sloterdijk’s Reading of Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism,” Journal of Philosophy of Education 51 no. 1 (2017): 179.


37. Stefan Lorenz Sorgner, “The Future of Education: Genetic Enhancement and Metahumanities,” Journal of Evolution and Technology 25 no. 1 (2015): 45.


38. Global Education Futures, “Global Education 2015-2035,” Global Education Futures Initiative, accessed November 23, 2018, https://www.edu2035.org/images/people/Future%20of%20Global%20Education%20Map%20(2014)-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf


39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.


42. Ibid, “Future Education Map,” Global Education Futures Initiative, accessed November


43. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “Empower Schools Co.: to Measure Engagement Physiologically with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Galvanic Skin Response to Determine Correlations between Each Measure and Develop a Scale That Differentiates Different Degrees or Levels of Engagement,” in How We Work: Grants, November 21, 2011, https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database/Grants/2011/11/OPP1028976


44. Valerie Strauss, “$1.1 Million-Plus Gates Grants: ‘Galvanic’ Bracelets That Measure Student Engagement,” Washington Post, June 11, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/11-million-plus-gates-grants-galvanic-bracelets-that-measure-student-engagement/2012/06/10/gJQAgAUbTV_blog.html?utm_term=.b322ae83c7bf


45. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “Measures of Effective Teaching Project Releases

Final Research Report: Findings Help Inform Design and Implementation of High-Quality Feedback and Evaluation Systems,” in Press Room: Press Releases and Statements, January 8, 2013, https://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/press-releases/2013/01/measures-of-effective-teaching-project-releases-final-research-report


46. Ibid, “Clemson University: to Conduct a Pilot Study of New Ways to Measure Student

Engagement for Use in Research,” in How We Work: Grants, November 15, 2011, https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database/Grants/2011/11/OPP1049604


47. Rosalind W. Picard, “What Happened to the Q Sensor?,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab: Affective Computing, accessed November 25, 2018, https://affect.media.mit.edu/projectpages/iCalm/iCalm-2-Q.html


48. Stephanie Simon, “Biosensors to Monitor U.S. Students’ Attentiveness,” Reuters, June 13, 2012, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-education-gates/biosensors-to-monitor-u-s-students-attentiveness-idUSBRE85C17Z20120613


49. Rosalind W. Picard, “What Happened to the Q Sensor?,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab: Affective Computing, accessed November 25, 2018, https://affect.media.mit.edu/projectpages/iCalm/iCalm-2-Q.html


50. Ibid.


51. Amazon Technologies Inc., “Ultrasonic Bracelet and Receiver for Detecting Position in

2D Plane,” United States Patent Application Publication: US 2017/0278051 A1 (Washington, DC: US Patent and Trademark Office, September 28, 2017).


52. Ceylan Yeginsu, “If Workers Slack Off, the Wristband Will Know: (And Amazon Has a Patent for It),” New York Times, February 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/technology/amazon-wristband-tracking-privacy.html


53. United States, White House, Office of Science and Technology Policy, “President Clinton Announces Recipients of Nation’s Highest Science and Technology Honors: President Clinton

Announces 1999 National Medal of Science and National Medal of Technology Awardees,” Office

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54. Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (New York: Viking, 1999), 221.


55. Fiachra Long, “Transhuman Education? Sloterdijk’s Reading of Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism,” Journal of Philosophy of Education 51 no. 1 (2017): 189-190.


56. Sian Bayne, “What’s the Matter with ‘Technology-Enhanced Learning’?,” Learning, Media

& Technology 40 no. 1 (2015): 5.


57. José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado and Hannibal Hamlin, “Surface and Depth Electrography of the Frontal Lobes in Conscious Patients,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 8 no. 3 (1956): 371-384.


58. Yale University School of Medicine, “Department Mourns Loss of Brain-stimulation Re-

search Pioneer,” Department of Psychology News Archive, November 28, 2011, https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/newsandevents/delgado.aspx


59. Barry Blackwell, “José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado,” Neuropsychopharmacology 37 no.

13 (2012): 2883-2884.


60. José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado, Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized

Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 83.


61. Ibid, 137.


62. Colin A. Ross, The CIA Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists (Austin, TX: Greenleaf Book Group, 2006).


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63. Colin A. Ross, interview by Richard Grove, State of Mind: The Psychology of Control, directed by James Lane (USA, Tragedy and Hope Studios: Free Mind Films, 2013).


64. Regents of the University of Minnesota, “Apostolos P. Georgopoulos, M.D., Ph.D.: Regents Professor, Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology, and Psychiatry; McKnight Presidential

Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience; Director and American Legion Brain Sciences Chair,” University of Minnesota Graduate Program in Neuroscience, accessed November 25, 2018, http://www.neuroscience.umn.edu/people/apostolos-p-georgopoulos-md-phd


65. University of Pittsburgh, “Schwartz, Andrew B., Professor of Neurobiology: Cerebral Basis for Volitional Movement and Cortical Neural Prosthetics,” Department of Neurobiology, accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.neurobio.pitt.edu/faculty/schwartz.htm


66. Adam Piore, “The Surgeon Who Wants to Connect You to the Internet with a Brain Implant,” MIT Technology Review, November 30, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609232/the-surgeon-who-wants-to-connect-you-to-the-internet-with-a-brain-implant/


67. Tim Adams, “Neurosurgeon Eric Leuthardt: ‘An Interface between Mind and Machine Will


68. Adam Piore, “The Surgeon Who Wants to Connect You to the Internet with a Brain Implant,” MIT Technology Review, November 30, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609232/the-surgeon-who-wants-to-connect-you-to-the-internet-with-a-brain-implant/


69. Ibid.

70. Ibid.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid.


73. Administration of Donald J. Trump, “Remarks at a Meeting of the President’s Strategic

and Policy Forum,” Strategic and Policy Forum (Washington, DC: April 11, 2017), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/DCPD-201700246/pdf/DCPD-201700246.pdf


Alex Newman, “Some of Trump’s Picks Have Troubling Links to Globalism, CFR,” The New American, February 25, 2017, https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/25475-some-of-trump-s-picks-have-troubling-links-to-globalism-cfr


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H. Powell, Chairman,” accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/powell.htm


Council on Foreign Relations, “Membership Roster: A-F,” accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/membership/membership-roster-a-f


Ibid, “Membership Roster: G-K,” accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/membership-roster-g-k


Ibid, “Membership Roster: L-P,” accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/membership-roster-l-p


Ibid, “Membership Roster: Q-U,” accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/membership-roster-q-u


Dan Merica, Jeff Zeleny, and Jim Acosta, “Anthony Scaramucci out as White House Communications Director,” CNN, July 31, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/31/politics/anthony-scaramucci/index.html


Eliza Relman, “How Goldman Sachs’ Dina Powell Became a Top Contender to Replace Nikki


“HR McMaster: Why Did Trump Dump National Security Adviser?,” BBC News, March 22, 2018,


Roger Yu, “No One Has Left Trump’s Other Business Leader Council, the Strategic and Policy


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Human Resources, , “McFarland, Kathleen Troia - Republic of Singapore,” Certificates of Competency for Nominees to be Chiefs of Mission: Report for the Committee on Foreign Relations, June 2017, https://www.state.gov/m/dghr/coc/271992.htm


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Ibid, Executive Office of the President, Office of the US Trade Representatives, “Statement By

U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer on Section 301 Action,” Press Office: Press Releases,


Ibid, National Security Council, “Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R.

Bolton on the Administration’s Policies in Latin America,” Foreign Policy Remarks, November 2,


U.S. Embassy and Consulates in the United Kingdom, “Embassy and Consulates: Ambassador

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Virginia Rometty, interview by James Owen, “A Conversation with Ginni Rometty,” Council on


74. Illah Reza Nourbakhsh, “The Coming Robot Dystopia: All Too Inhuman,” Foreign Affairs,

July/August (2015): 25-26


75. National Science Foundation, “Quadriplegic ‘feels’ again thanks to brain-computer interface and robotic arm combination,” NSF News: Multimedia Gallery, September 28, 2017, https://www.nsf.gov/impacts/impact_summ.jsp?cntn_id=243195&org=NSF&from=news


76. Annie Jacobsen, The Pentagon’s Brain : An Uncensored History of DARPA, America’s

Top-Secret Military Research Agency (New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).


Justin Sanchez, “Restoring Active Memory (RAM),” Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.darpa.mil/program/restoring-active-memory


Ibid, “Revolutionizing Prosthetics,” Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.darpa.mil/program/revolutionizing-prosthetics


77. Kristen V. Brown, “DARPA’s Brain Chip Implants Could Be the Next Big Mental Health

Breakthrough—Or a Total Disaster,” Gizmodo, March 6, 2017, https://gizmodo.com/darpa-s-brain-chips-could-be-the-next-big-mental-health-1791549701


78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.


80. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, “Program Information: DARPA and the

Brain Initiative,” accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.darpa.mil/program/our-research/darpa-and-the-brain-initiative


81. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. Ibid.

86. Ibid.

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid.


90. United States, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, “BRAIN Publication Roundup,” BRAIN Update, June 27, 2018, https://brainupdate.nih.gov/2018/06/27/brain-publication-roundup-june-2018/


91. Ibid.

92. Ibid.


93. “Fact Sheet: Over $300 Million in Support of the President’s BRAIN Initiative,”


United States, National Institutes of Health, “Public-Private Partnership Program: Devices & Support Specific Manufacturers,” BRAIN Initiative, accessed November 25, 2018, https://www.braininitiative.nih.gov/resources/public-private-partnership-program-devices-support-specific-manufacturers


94. United States, National Intelligence Council, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office,


95. Ariel Schwartz, “Elon Musk Defends His Position on President Trump’s Advisory Council,”


96. Rolfe Winkler, “Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers: Start-

up from CEO of Tesla and SpaceX Aims to Implant Tiny Electrodes in Human Brains,” Wall Street


97. Nick Statt, “Elon Musk Launches Neuralink, a Venture to Merge the Human Brain with


98. Ibid.


99. Facebook, “Investor Relations: Governance Documents—Board of Directors,” accessed


100. Joe Wolverton II, “After Bilderberg Meeting, Facebook Official Says End Internet Anonymity,” The New American, https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/computers/item/7224-after-bilderberg-meeting-facebook-official-says-end-internet-anonymity


101. James Titcomb, “Mark Zuckerberg Confirms Facebook Is Working on Mind-Reading


102. Cade Metz, “Ex-Darpa Head Regina Dugan Leaves Google for Facebook,” Wired Magazine, April 13, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/04/regina-dugan-leaves-google-for-facebook/


Josh Constine, “Facebook Is Building Brain-Computer Interfaces for Typing and Skin-Hearing,” Tech Crunch, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/


103. Facebook, accessed December 5, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/careers/jobs/a0I1200000JXqeWEAT/


104. Facebook, accessed December 5, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/careers/jobs/a0I1200000JXqeWEAT/


105. Adam Piore, “The Surgeon Who Wants to Connect You to the Internet with a Brain Implant,” MIT Technology Review, November 30, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609232/the-surgeon-who-wants-to-connect-you-to-the-internet-with-a-brain-implant/


106 . Adam Piore, “The Surgeon Who Wants to Connect You to the Internet with a Brain Im-


107. Steven Levy, “Why You Will One Day Have a Chip in Your Brain,” Wired Magazine, July 5,


108. Ibid.

109. Ibid.


110. Illah Reza Nourbakhsh, “The Coming Robot Dystopia: All Too Inhuman,” Foreign Affairs,

July/August (2015): 24-25.


111. Fiachra Long, “Transhuman Education? Sloterdijk’s Reading of Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism,” Journal of Philosophy of Education 51 no. 1 (2017): 190.


112. Ibid, 180.


113. E. Paul Zehr, “The Potential Transformation of Our Species by Neural Enhancement,”

Journal of Motor Behavior 47 no. 1 (2015): 75.


114. Ibid, 73.

115. Ibid, 77.


116. Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (New York: Viking, 1999), 204-205.


117. Emily Mullin, “Blind Patients to Test Bionic Eye Brain Implants: The Prosthesis Could Help

More People Who Have Lost Their Vision Than a Device Already on the Market,” MIT Technology Review, September 18, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608844/blind-patients-to-test-bionic-eye-brain-implants/


Katherine Bourzac, “Bionic Eye Implant Approved for U.S. Patients: The Sight-Restoring Implant

Made by Second Sight Is the Most Advanced Prosthetic to Date,” MIT Technology Review, February 15, 2013, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/511356/bionic-eye-implant-approved-for-us-patients/


118. Susan Young Rojahn, “A Second Artificial Retina Option for the E.U.: Patients with

Blindness Caused by Retinitis Pigmentosa Can Now Get a Light-Detecting Microchip Implanted in One of Their Retinas,” MIT Technology Review, July 3, 2013, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/516796/a-second-artificial-retina-option-for-the-eu/


119. Larry Greenemeier, “FDA Approves First Retinal Implant: US Approval That Gives Hope

to Those with a Rare Genetic Eye Condition,” Nature, February 15, 2013, https://www.nature.com/news/fda-approves-first-retinal-implant-1.12439


120. Emily Mullin, “Blind Patients to Test Bionic Eye Brain Implants: The Prosthesis Could Help

More People Who Have Lost Their Vision Than a Device Already on the Market,” MIT Technology Review, September 18, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608844/blind-patients-to-test-bionic-eye-brain-implants/


121. United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health,

“Cochlear Implants,” National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, March 6, 2017, https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants


122. Nina Godlewski, “Typing With Your Thoughts, Hearing With Your Skin? Neuroscientist

Weighs in on Facebook F8 Ideas,” International Business Times, April 26, 2017, https://www.ibtimes.com/typing-your-thoughts-hearing-your-skin-neuroscientist-weighs-facebook-f8-ideas-2530558


123. Alison McDowell, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:

A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers/


124. School of the Future, directed by NOVA (Public Broadcasting System, 2016), http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/school-future/home/


125. Sydney Johnson, “This Company Wants to Gather Student Brainwave Data to Measure


BrainCo, “Home: Unlocking the Power of Your Mind through Personalized Brainwave Feedback,”

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127. Harvard Innovation Labs, “Venture Teams: BrainCo,” President and Fellows Harvard College, accessed November 27, 2018, https://innovationlabs.harvard.edu/meet/venture-team/brainco/


128. Julie Randles, “Two Edtech Innovators Earn Titles at Pitch Fest,” International Society

for Technology in Education Conference and Expo, June 27, 2017, https://www.iste.org/explore/articleDetail?articleid=1019&category=ISTE-blog&article=


129. Rockefeller Foundation, “Report of the Treasurer,” Annual Report (1921) (New York: The


130. United States, White House Archives, President Barack Obama, “Precision Medicine Initiative,” accessed November 27, 2018, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/precision-medicine


131. John Klyczek, “The Precision Eugenics Initiative (Part 2): The Precision Transhumanism


132. Zina Moukheiber, “Intel’s Eric Dishman: ‘No One Is building Apps for Seniors,’” Forbes,


133. Ibid.

134. Cadie Thompson, “The Future of Medicine Means Part Human, Part Computer,” CNN,


135. Kathy Hudson, Rick Lifton, and Bray Patrick-Lake, The Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Program–Building a Research Foundation for 21st Century Medicine: Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) Working Group Report to the Advisory Committee to the Director, NIH (National Institutes of Health, September 17, 2015), https://acd.od.nih.gov/documents/reports/DRAFT-PMI-WG-Report-9-11-2015-508.pdf


136. Ibid.


137. United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health,

“About—Program Partners: Data and Research Center,” accessed November 28, 2018, https://allofus.nih.gov/about/program-partners/data-and-research-center


Ibid, “About—Program Partners: Healthcare Provider Organizations,” accessed November 28,


Ibid, “Home: The Future of Health Begins with You,” accessed November 28, 2018, https://allofus.nih.gov/


Ibid, “NIH Funds Additional Medical Centers to Expand National Precision Medicine Research


Ibid, “PMI Cohort Program Announces New Name: the All of Us Research Program,” All of Us


138. Ibid, “About—Program Partners: Data and Research Center,” accessed November 28,


139. Ibid, “NIH Director’s Statement: Selection of Eric Dishman as Director of the Precision

Medicine Initiative Cohort Program,” All of Us: News, Events & Media, April 11, 2016, https://allofus.nih.gov/news-events-and-media/announcements/nih-directors-statement-selection-eric-dishman-director


140. Ibid, “The Dish: 2017 Year in Review,” All of Us: News, Events & Media, December 27, 2017,


Megan Molteni, “The NIH Launches Its Ambitious Million-Person Genetic Survey,” Wired Magazine, https://www.wired.com/story/all-of-us-launches/


141. Richard Aldrich, “Nature, Nurture and Neuroscience: Some Future Directions for Historians of Education,” Pedagogica Historica 50 no. 6 (2014): 860.


142. United States, Department of Education, The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act:

Guidance for Eligible Students (Washington, DC: Family Policy Compliance Office, February 2011),


143. Jane Robbins and Karen Effrem, “Schools Ditch Academics For Emotional Manipulation:

Under Such a System Teachers Become Essentially Therapists, and Students Become Essentially


144. “Wetware,” Oxford English Dictionary, University of Oxford Press, accessed November


145. Dominic Gover, “Bilderberg 2.0: The Singularity, Google’s Ray Kurzweil and the Ultimate

Power,” International Business Times, June 7, 2013, https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/google-conspiracy-bilderberg-singularity-476127


146. Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking,

2005), 9.


147. E. Paul Zehr, “The Potential Transformation of Our Species by Neural Enhancement,”

Journal of Motor Behavior 47 no. 1 (2015): 76.


148. Ibid.


149. Timothy Morton, “Here Comes Everything: The Promise of Object-Oriented Ontology,”

Qui Parle: Critical Humanities and Social Sciences 19 no. 2 (2011): 163-190.


150. Bill Brown, “Thing Theory,” Critical Inquiry, 28 no. 1 (2001): 1-22.


151. H. Greely, B. Sahakian, J. Harris, R. C. Kessler, M. Gazzaniga, P. Campbell, and M. J. Farah,

“Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy,” Nature 456 (2008):702–5, quoted in Michael Bess, “Enhanced Humans versus ‘Normal People’: Elusive Definitions,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 642.


152. Michael Bess, “Enhanced Humans versus ‘Normal People’: Elusive Definitions,” Journal of

Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 642.


153. Elon Musk, interview by Joe Rogan, “Joe Rogan Experience #1169,” Powerful JRE, September 6, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPr5-27vSI


154. Aleksandra Anđelković and Dušan Spasić, “Historical Outlines of Eugenics and Its Influences on Education,” Casopisza Društvene Nauke 39 no. 4 (2015): 1489.


155. Leon Kass, “Preventing A Brave New World” (2001), quoted in Aleksandra Anđelković and Dušan Spasić, “Historical Outlines of Eugenics and Its Influences on Education,” Casopisza

Društvene Nauke 39 no. 4 (2015): 1490.


156. Jürgen Habermas (2003), quoted in Aleksandra Anđelković and Dušan Spasić, “Historical

Outlines of Eugenics and Its Influences on Education,” Casopisza Društvene Nauke 39 no. 4 (2015): 1490.


157. Aleksandra Anđelković and Dušan Spasić, “Historical Outlines of Eugenics and Its Influences on Education,” Casopisza Društvene Nauke 39 no. 4 (2015): 1490.


158. Fiachra Long, “Transhuman Education? Sloterdijk’s Reading of Heidegger’s Letter on Hu-

manism,” Journal of Philosophy of Education 51 no. 1 (2017): 190.


159. Illah Reza Nourbakhsh, “The Coming Robot Dystopia: All Too Inhuman,” Foreign Affairs,

July/August (2015): 26.


160. Ibid, 28.


161. Judith Rodin, “Opening Remarks by Dr. Judith Rodin at Global Health Summit: ‘Dreaming the Future of Health,’” Rockefeller Foundation News & Media, January 26, 2013, https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/opening-remarks-by-dr-judith-rodin-at-global-health-summit-dreaming-the-future-of-health/


162. Rene Loewenson, Dreaming the Future of Health for the Next 100 Years: White Paper from

the Global Health Summit, Beijing China (January 26-27 2013) (Beijing, China: Rockefeller Foundation, January 2013), https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20130126182958/1b8843cc-0d4c-4d5e-bf35-4c7b2fbbb63d-the.pdf


163. Global Education Futures, “Global Education 2015-2035,” Global Education Futures Initiative, accessed November 23, 2018, https://www.edu2035.org/images/people/Future%20of%20Global%20Education%20Map%20(2014)-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf


164. Ibid.

165. Ibid.

166. Ibid.

167. Ibid.


168. Kathleen Miles, “Ray Kurzweil: in the 2030s, Nanobots in Our Brains Will Make Us ‘God-


169. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (London: Vintage, 2016), 49-50.


170. Ibid, 56.

171. Ibid, 410.


172. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Philosophy of Right, trans. S. W. Dyde (London: George Bell

and Sons, 1896), 247.


173. David Korten, The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism, quoted in Kris Millegan,

Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America’s Most Powerful Secret Society (Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2003), 690.

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