Endnotes – Chapters 17
1 University of Cambridge, “Directory: Dr. Dennis Bray,” Cambridge Neuroscience, accessed
November 29, 2018, https://www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/directory/profile.php?db10009
2 Dennis Bray, Wetware: A Computer in Every Living Cell (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), x-xi.
3 Wayne Gillam, “Engineering Data Security for Brain-Computer Interfaces,” Center for
Neurotechnology: A National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, July 11, 2017, http://csne-erc.org/engage-enable/post/engineering-data-security-brain-computer-interfaces
4 Jeana Chaffin, “AT&T Futurist Report: Blended Reality–The Future of Entertainment, 5G,
& Mobile Edge Computing,” AT&T Developer Program Blog, September 24, 2018, https://developer.att.com/blog/future-of-5g-entertainment
5 Joon Ian Wong, “Brains with Machines: What Comes After Smartphones? Brain Implants, Maybe,” Quartz, October 20, 2016, https://qz.com/814849/darpa-and-qualcomm-brain-implants-for-6g-and-neural-engineering/
Sascha Segan, “With 5G Still in the Works, 6G Is Already Taking Shape: 5G Hasn’t Launched yet, but Finland’s University of Oulu Just Convened a Research Group about 6G Wireless. Here’s What They’re Thinking,” PC Magazine, April 19, 2018, https://www.pcmag.com/article/360533/what-is-6g
6 Ayça Çebi and Hasan Karal, “An Application of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)
for Evaluating Students’ Project,” Educational Research and Reviews 12 no. 3 (2017): 120.
7 Carnegie Mellon University, “Explore: Repositories,” Learnsphere, accessed December 1,2018, http://learnsphere.org/explore.html
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 LearnLab, “DataShop@Stanford: A Data Analysis Service for the Learning Science of
Community,” LearnLab: Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center, accessed December 1, 2018, https://datashop.stanford.edu/
Ibid, “DataShop@TutorGen: A Data Analysis Service for the Learning Science of Community,” LearnLab: Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center, accessed December 1, 2018, https://datashop.tutorgen.com/
16 United States, Department of Education, Office of Management, “Family Educational
Rights and Privacy: Final Regulations—34 CFR Part 99,” Federal Register 76 no. 232 (National Archives and Records Administration, December 2, 2011), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-02/pdf/2011-30683.pdf
17 San Diego State University, “Faculty and Staff: Emeritus Faculty,” Department of Computer Science, accessed December 1, 2018, http://www.cs.sdsu.edu/faculty-and-staff/
18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Biography of Wernher von Braun,” Marshall History, August 3, 2017, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/bio.html
United States, National Archives and Records Administration, “Records of the Secretary of Defense (RG 330): Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency—Foreign Scientist Case Files 1945-1958 (Entry A1-1B),” Nazi War Crimes Interagency Working Group: IWG Declassified Records, October 11, 2016,
19 Vernor Vinge, “The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Hu-
man Era,” Vision-21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace (NASA Conference Publication 10129, March 30-31, 1993), https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940022855.pdf
20 William Poundstone, “John von Neumann: American Mathematician,” Encyclopedia Bri-
tannica, accessed December 1, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-von-Neumann
21 George Dyson, interview by John Naughton, “The True Fathers of Computing,” The
Guardian: US Edition, February 25, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/feb/26/first-computers-john-von-neumann
John von Neumann, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, trans. Robert T. Beyer, ed. Nicholas A. Wheeler (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1932).
22 IWM Staff, “How Alan Turing Cracked the Enigma Code,” Imperial War Museums, January 5, 2018, https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-alan-turing-cracked-the-enigma-code
23 Alan M. Turing, “I.—Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind: A Quarterly Review of
Psychology and Philosophy 59 no. 236 (1950): 433-460.
24 Editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica, “Stanislaw Ulam: American Scientist,” accessed
December 1, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stanislaw-Ulam
25 Julia Damerow, “John von Neumann (1903-1957),” Embryo Project Encyclopedia at Arizona State University, June 22, 2010, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/john-von-neumann-1903-1957
Richard Pearson, “Mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, Leader in Bomb Research, Dies,” Washington Post, May 16, 1984, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/05/16/mathematician-stanislaw-ulam-leader-in-bomb-research-dies/08ce9d61-b174-4814-ab3c-7b7f9e6412a5/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.ba1393cabc94
26 Stanislaw Ulam, “John von Neumann (1903-1957),” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 64 no. 3 (1958): 5.
27 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005), 56.
28 Robert D. Atkinson, “In Defense of Robots: Why We Should Not Reject Technology in
Order to ‘Protect’ Workers,” National Review, April 17, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2017/04/17/robots-taking-jobs-technology-workers/
29 World Economic Forum, “About Us: Klaus Schwab—Biography,” accessed December 1,
30 Robert D. Atkinson, “In Defense of Robots: Why We Should Not Reject Technology in Order to ‘Protect’ Worker,” National Review, April 17, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2017/04/17/robots-taking-jobs-technology-workers/
31 Carnegie Mellon University, “Faculty & Staff: Vivek Wadhwa—Distinguished Fellow &
Adjunct Professor,” Integrated Innovation Institute: Engineering + Design + Business, accessed December 1, 2018, https://www.cmu.edu/iii/innovators/faculty-staff/wadhwa.html
32 Robert D. Atkinson, “In Defense of Robots: Why We Should Not Reject Technology in
Order to ‘Protect’ Worker,” National Review, April 17, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2017/04/17/robots-taking-jobs-technology-workers/
33 James Vincent, “Google Wants to Improve Your Smart Home with iRobot’s Room Maps,”
The Verge, October 31, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/31/18041876/google-irobot-smart-home-spatial-data-mapping-collaboration
34 Google, “Research—Teams & Focus Areas: Google Brain Team,” Google AI, accessed December 1, 2018, https://ai.google/research/teams/brain
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “NASA Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL),” NASA, accessed December 1, 2018, https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/dash/groups/physics/quail/
35 Catherine Shu, “Google Acquires Artificial Intelligence Startup DeepMind For More Than
$500M,” TechCrunch, January 27, 2014, https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/26/google-deepmind/
36 Dieter Bohn, “Google Duplex Really Works and Testing Begins This Summer: This Is What It’s Like to Take a Restaurant Reservation from an AI,” The Verge, June 27, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/27/17508728/google-duplex-assistant-reservations-demo
James Vincent, “Google Wants to Improve Your Smart Home with iRobot’s Room Maps,” The Verge, October 31, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/31/18041876/google-irobot-smart-home-spatial-data-mapping-collaboration
37 Ashley Carman, “Volkswagen Now Lets Apple Users Unlock Their Cars with Siri,” The
Judith Shulevitz, “Alexa, Should We Trust You?,” The Atlantic, November 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/11/alexa-how-will-you-change-us/570844/
Tom Warren, “Microsoft Is Bringing Cortana to Fridges, Toasters, and Thermostats,” The Verge, December 13, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13935136/microsoft-cortana-windows-10-iot-devices
38 Wayne Madsen, interview by RT, “Somebody’s Watching Me: Social Networking Spies—
CIA Monitors Trends on the Web,” Global Research TV: Centre for Research on Globalization, January 1, 2012, http://tv.globalresearch.ca/2012/01/social-networking-spies-cia-sifts-social-media-sites
Webster G. Tarpley, Interview by RT, “Google Guard: Google and the NSA Are Teaming up to Take Down Internet Hackers—Tarpley: Google Is Now Openly in Alliance with the NSA,” Website of Webster Griffin Tarpley, February 5, 2010, http://tarpley.net/google-joins-with-nsa-in-drive-to-confront-china/
39 Frederic Lardinois, “The Google Assistant Will Soon Be Able to Call Restaurants and
Make a Reservation for You,” TechCrunch, May 8, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/08/the-google-assistant-will-soon-be-able-to-call-restaurants-and-make-a-reservations-for-you/
40 Patrick Fernandes, Miltiadis Allamanis, and Marc Brockschmidt, “Structured Neural Summarization,” Microsoft Research (Cambridge, UK: November 5, 2018), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.01824.pdf
41 Zara Stone, “Ten Incredibly Lifelike Humanoid Robots to Get On Your Radar,” Forbes,
February 27, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2018/02/27/ten-incredibly-lifelike-humanoid-robots-to-get-on-your-radar/#61e9f5d434d2
42 Elaine Chow, “Japanese Elementary School Kids Now Being Taught by Saya the Robot,”
Gizmodo, March 10, 2009, https://gizmodo.com/5167214/japanese-elementary-school-kids-now-being-taught-by-saya-the-robot
43 Giorgio Metta, “The iCub Humanoid Robot Project,” Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia: ITT
Central Research Lab, Genova, accessed December 1, 2018, https://www.iit.it/research/lines/icub
Kaleigh Rogers, “This Slightly Haunting Childlike Robot Has Helped Scientists Crowdsource Research for Over a Decade: It’s Called iCub and Is Able to Do Some Pretty Amazing Feats,” Motherboard, December 20, 2017, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/d34pvm/this-slightly-haunting-childlike-robot-has-helped-scientists-crowdsource-research-for-over-a-decade
Sam Byford, “Sony Is Working on a Robot That Can ‘Form an Emotional Bond’ with People: VR May Be a ‘New Business Domain’ for the Company,” The Verge, June 19, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12057408/sony-robot-emotion-vr-sensors
44 Keiichi Furukawa, “Honda’s Asimo Robot Bows Out but Finds New Life: Underlying Tech
Applied to Physical Therapy and Self-Driving Vehicles,” Nikkei Asian Review, June 28, 2018, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Honda-s-Asimo-robot-bows-out-but-finds-new-life
45 Rosie Spink, “Meet the Robot Giving Hospitalised Children Superpowers,” The Guardian:
US Edition, February 6, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/feb/06/robots-for-good-hospitalised-children-superpowers
46 Saoirse Kerrigan, “15 Most Forward-Thinking Projects That Could Build the Next Humanoids,” Interesting Engineering, June 29, 2018, https://interestingengineering.com/15-most-forward-thinking-projects-that-could-build-the-next-humanoids
Zara Stone, “Ten Incredibly Lifelike Humanoid Robots to Get On Your Radar,” Forbes, February 27, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2018/02/27/ten-incredibly-lifelike-humanoid-robots-to-get-on-your-radar/#61e9f5d434d2
47 Zara Stone, “Everything You Need to Know About Sophia, the World’s First Robot Citizen,” Forbes, November 7, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2017/11/07/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sophia-the-worlds-first-robot-citizen/#7d599dc446fa
48 “Six Things Women in Saudi Arabia Still Can’t Do: First Licences Issued for Female Drivers, but Women Still Face Severe Restrictions Every Day,” The Week, June 5, 2018, https://www.the-week.co.uk/60339/things-women-cant-do-in-saudi-arabia
49 Brian Whitaker, “Everything You Need to Know about Being Gay in Muslim Countries,”
The Guardian: US Edition, June 21, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/21/gay-lgbt-muslim-countries-middle-east
50 Ben Hubbard, “What We Know About Jamal Khashoggi’s Death,” New York Times, Oc-
tober 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/20/world/middleeast/khashoggi-turkey-saudi-narratives.html
51 Jeff Parsons, “Watch Sophia the ‘Sexy Robot’ Claim She Will ‘Destroy Humans’ - Leaving
Creator Red Faced: A Mistake During a Technical Demonstration at the SXSW Tech Show Revealed the Android’s True Intentions,” The Mirror, March 22, 2016, https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/watch-sophia-sexy-robot-claim-7606152
52 Jim Edwards, “I Interviewed Sophia, the Artificially Intelligent Robot That Said It Wanted
to ‘Destroy Humans,’” Business Insider, November 8, 2017, https://www.businessinsider.com/interview-with-sophia-ai-robot-hanson-said-it-would-destroy-humans-2017-11
Michelle Starr, “Crazy-Eyed Robot Wants a Family -- and to Destroy All Humans: Hanson Robotics’ Most Recent Humanoid Robot Is Its Most Advanced Yet, and Its Cold, Dead Eyes Will Make Your Skin Crawl,” CNet Magazine, March 20, 2016, https://www.cnet.com/news/crazy-eyed-robot-wants-a-family-and-to-destroy-all-humans/
53 Mick Mulvaney and Michael Kratsios, “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: FY 2019 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities,” Executive Office of the President: Office of Management and Budget / Office of Science and Technology Policy, August 17, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/ostp/fy2019-administration-research-development-budget-priorities.pdf
54 United States, White House, “Research and Development” (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, February 2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ap_18_research-fy2019.pdf
55 Ibid, Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety (Washington, DC: DOT HS, September 2017), https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/13069a-ads2.0_090617_v9a_tag.pdf
56 Donald J. Trump, “Infrastructure and Technology: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Pilot Program,” Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation, White House, October 25, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-transportation/
57 United States, White House, “Infrastructure and Technology: Artificial Intelligence for
the American People,” Fact Sheet, May 10, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-state-ments/artificial-intelligence-american-people/
58 Ibid.
59 United States, Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology
Council, Networking and Information and Technology Research and Development Subcommittee, The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, October 2016), https://www.nitrd.gov/PUBS/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf
60 Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (New York: Viking, 1999), 204.
61 Laura Vanderkam, Blended Learning: A Wise Giver’s Guide to Bolstering Tech-Assisted
Teaching, ed. Karl Zinsmeister (Washington DC: Philanthropy, April 2013), https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/docs/default-source/guidebook-files/blended_learning_guidebook.pdf?s-fvrsn=afaba740_0
62 International Business Machines, “Watson: Products and Services,” IBM, accessed January 8, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/watson/products-services/
63 Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and
America’s Most Powerful Corporation (New York: Random House, 2001), 69.
64 H&R Block, “H&R Block with Watson: Taxes Will Never Be the Same,” accessed December 2, 2018, https://www.hrblock.com/lp/fy17/hrblock-and-watson.html
International Business Machines, “IBM Security: Cognitive Security—Evolve Your Defenses with Security That Understands, Reasons and Learns,” IBM, accessed January 8, 2018, https://www-03.ibm.com/security/ca-en/cognitive/
Ibid, “Watson: Products and Services,” IBM, accessed January 8, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/watson/products-services/
65 Ibid, “IBM Watson Education: Transforming Learning Experiences with Watson AI,” IBM,
accessed January 8, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/watson/education
66 Ibid, “Watson—Education: Art of the Possible: IBM Watson and Pearson Drive Cognitive
Learning for College Students—IBM and Pearson Are Bringing Watson Cognitive Capabilities to College Students and Educators,” IBM, accessed January 8, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/watson/education/pearson
Ibid, accessed January 8, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/cc-beginner-guide-machine-learning-ai-cognitive/index.html
67 Barb Darrow, “IBM and Amazon Are Sorta Strange Bedfellows in Blackboard Deal,” Fortune, June 30, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/06/30/ibm-and-amazon-are-sorta-strange-bedfellows-in-blackboard-deal/
Blackboard, “Blackboard Inc. and IBM Enter Strategic Relationship to Develop Cognitive Solutions and Manage Infrastructure Operations,” Blackboard Press Releases, June 29, 2016, http://pages.blackboard.com/news-and-events/press-releases/2016/bb-ibm-strategic-relationship-develop-cognitive-solutions-manage-infrastructure-operations.aspx
68 International Business Machines, “IBM Watson Education: Transforming Learning Experiences with Watson AI,” IBM, accessed January 8, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/watson/education
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid, “IBM Watson Education and Pearson to Drive Cognitive Learning Experiences for
College Students,” IBM Newsroom: News Releases, October 25, 2016, https://www.03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/50842.wss
72 Susan E. F. Chipman, “Applications in Education and Training: A Force Behind the Development of Cognitive Science,” Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (2010): 389.
73 Ibid, 390.
74 Ibid.
75 United States, Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology
Council, Committee on Technology, Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, October 2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf
76 Ryoko Yamaguchi and Adam Hall, “A Compendium of Education Technology Research
Funded by NCER and NCSER: 2002-2014,” National Center for Education Research (Washington, DC: National Center for Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2017), vii.
77 Ibid, 46.
78 Jingying Chen, Nan Luo, Yuanyuan Liu, Leyuan Liu, Kun Zhang, and Joanna Kolodziej, “A Hybrid Intelligence-Aided Approach to Affect-Sensitive e-Learning,” Computing 98 no. 1/2 (2016): 218.
79 Tessa McCarthy, L. Penny Rosenblum, Benny G. Johnson, Jeffrey Dittel, and Devin M.
Kearns, “An Artificial Intelligence Tutor: A Supplementary Tool for Teaching and Practicing Braille,” Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 110 no. 5 (2016): 309.
80 Sze-Chu Liu and Po-Yi Hung, “Teaching Pronunciation with Computer Assisted Pronunciation Instruction in a Technological University,” Universal Journal of Educational Research 4 no. 9 (2016): 1940.
81 Ibid, 1941.
82 Ibid, 1940.
83 Donggil Song, “Designing a Teachable Agent System for Mathematics Learning,” Contemporary Educational Technology 8 no. 2 (2017): 176.
84 Ibid, 178.
85 Phu Vu, Scott Fredrickson, and Richard Meyer, “Help at 3:00 AM! Providing 24/7 Timely
Support to Online Students via a Virtual Assistant,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 19 no. 1 (2016): https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring191/vu_fredrickson_meyer191.html
86 Ali Ozdemir, Aysegul Alaybeyoglu, Naciye Mulayim, and Muhammed Uysa, “An Intelligent System for Determining Learning Style,” International Journal of Research in Education and Science 4 no. 1 (2018): 208.
87 Ibid, 209.
88 Maria Samarakou, Grammatiki Tsaganou, and Andreas Papadakis, “An e-Learning System for Extracting Text Comprehension and Learning Style Characteristics,” Educational Technology and Society 21 no. 1 (2018): 127.
89 Ibid, 129.
90 Ibid, 127.
91 Ibid.
92 Ibid, 126-127.
93 Jingying Chen, Nan Luo, Yuanyuan Liu, Leyuan Liu, Kun Zhang, and Joanna Kolodziej, “A Hybrid Intelligence-Aided Approach to Affect-Sensitive e-Learning,” Computing 98 no. 1/2 (2016): 218.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid, 231.
97 Ibid, 218.
98 Ibid, 231.
99 Ibid, 232.
100 Emrah Soykan, Fezile Özdamlı, and Deniz Özcan, “The Emotional Analysis of Children
with Special Needs During Tablet Usage in Education,” International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 5 no. 2 (2017): 58.
101 Ibid.
102 Somayeh Fatahi and Hadi Moradi, “A Fuzzy Cognitive Map Model to Calculate a User’s
Desirability Based on Personality in e-Learning Environments,” Computers in Human Behavior 63 (2016): 272.
103 Hawon Lee and Eunja Hyun, “The Intelligent Robot Contents for Children with
Speech-Language Disorder,” Journal of Educational Technology and Society 18 no. 3 (2015): 100, 102.
104 Ibid, 102.
105 Ibid, 100.
106 Ibid.
107 Ibid, 103.
108 Ibid, 102-103.
109 Scott Berson, “‘Terrifying’: Watch Humanoid Robot Backflip and Run Military-Style
Obstacle Courses,” Miami Herald, October 12, 2018, https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article219911745.html
110 Adrian Covert, “Video: Boston Dynamics’ Petman Is the Creepy Bipedal Evolution of Big
Dog,” Popular Science, October 26, 2009, https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2009-10/boston-dynamics-petman-bipedal-robot-evolution-bigdog
111 United States, Every Student Succeeds Act, Public Law 114-95, 114th Congress, S. 1177, December 10, 2015, https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ95/PLAW-114publ95.pdf
112 Elena V. Chubarkova, Ilya A.Sadchikov, Irina A. Suslova, Andrey А. Tsaregorodtsev, and Larisa N. Milova, “Educational Game Systems in Artificial Intelligence Course,” International Journal of Environmental and Science Education 11 no. 16 (2016): 9262-9263.
113 Ibid, 9263.
114 Abigail Carlton and Guy Halfteck, “How Mobile Games Can Help You Identify Your Next
Great Employee,” Rockefeller Foundation Newsletter, March 31, 2016, https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/how-mobile-games-can-help-you-identify-your-next-great-employee/
115 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers/
116 Rockefeller Foundation, “About Us—Our Team: Guy Halfteck—CEO, Knack,” accessed
December 2, 2018, https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/people/guy-halfteck/
University of Pennsylvania, “People Analytics—Wharton People Analytics Conference 2017: Applying Gaming to People Analytics: Williams, Halfteck, & Kato,” The Wharton School, December 19, 2017, https://wpa.wharton.upenn.edu/content/video/applying-gaming-people-analytics/
117 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers/
118 International Business Machines, “IBM Watson—Education: IBM and Sesame Street Collaborate to Create the Next Generation of Individualized Learning Tools,” IBM, accessed December 2, 2018, https://www.ibm.com/watson/education/sesame-street
119 Ibid, “IBM Watson and Sesame Workshop Introduce Intelligent Play and Learning Plat-
form on IBM Cloud: Unveil Watson-Powered Cognitive Vocabulary Learning App Designed to Enhance Early Childhood Education Experiences; First Pilot at Georgia’s Gwinnett County Public Schools,” IBM Newsroom: News Releases, June 6, 2017, https://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/press-release/52532.wss
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 Ibid.
123 Ibid.
124 Ibid.
125 Ibid.
126 Ibid.
127 Ibid.
128 Ibid.
129 Theodouli Terzidou, Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos, Christina Miliou, and Athanasia Sourvinou,
“Agent Supported Serious Game Environment,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Learning Technologies 9 no. 3 (2016): 217.
130 Ibid.
131 Ramón Zatarain-Cabada, Giner Alor-Hernández, María Lucía Barrón-Estrada, Ricardo
Colomo-Palacios, and Hao-Chiang Koong Lin, “Guest Editorial: Intelligent and Affective Learning Environments: New Trends and Challenges,” Journal of Education Technology and Society 19 no. 2 (2016): 1, 2.
132 Ibid, 2.
133 Akili Interactive Labs, “Akili Achieves Primary Efficacy Endpoint in Pediatric ADHD Pivotal Trial: Company Completes Large Multi-Center, Randomized, Controlled Study of Novel Digital Medicine and Plans Regulatory Filing,” Akili News, December 4, 2017, https://www.akiliinteractive.com/news-collection/akili-achieves-primary-efficacy-endpoint-in-pediatric-adhd-pivotal-trial
134 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers
135 Ibid.
136 Ibid.
137 Akili Interactive Labs, “Science & Technology: Programs & Products,” accessed December 2, 2018, https://www.akiliinteractive.com/programs-products
138 Jay Hancock, “Here’s Where the Nation’s Biggest Drug Lobby Spent Money in 2016,” PBS, December 19, 2017, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/heres-where-the-nations-biggest-drug-lobby-spent-money-in-2016
139 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers
140 Akili, “Akili Makes 5th Appearance on the Inc. 500/5000 Annual List of America’s Fastest-Growing Private Companies,” New & Press Releases: Akili Culture Blog, June 5, 2017, https://akili.com/akili-makes-5th-appearance-inc-5005000-annual-list-americas-fastest-growing-private-companies/
141 University of California San Francisco, “About: People,” Neuroscape, accessed December 2, 2018, https://neuroscape.ucsf.edu/people/#core
Ibid, “About: Profile—Melina Uncapher, Ph.D.,” accessed December 2, 2018, https://neuroscape.ucsf.edu/profile/melina-uncapher/
142 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers
143 Drexel University, “Engagement: Learning Innovation,” ExCITe (Expressive and Creative Interaction Technologies) Center, accessed December 2, 2018, https://drexel.edu/excite/engagement/learning-innovation/
144 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers
145 National Science Foundation, “Award Abstract #1540854: SL-CN—Contributions of Executive Function Subdomains to Math and Reading Cognition in the Classroom,” Standard Grant (NSF, August 18, 2015), accessed December 2, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/nsf-award-search-award1540854-sl-cn-contributions-of-executive-function-subdomains-to-math-and-reading-cognition-in-the-classroom.pdf
146 Morna McDermott McNulty, “Beware the ‘Learning Engineers,’” Wrench in the Gears:
A Skeptical Parent’s Thoughts on Digital Curriculum, March 5, 2018, https://wrenchinthegears.com/2018/05/05/beware-the-learning-engineers
147 Global Education Futures, “Global Education 2015-2035,” Global Education Futures Initiative, accessed November 23, 2018, https://www.edu2035.org/images/people/Future%20of%20Global%20Education%20Map%20(2014)-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf
148 Susan Yoon, Emma Anderson, Joyce Lin, and Karen Elinich, “How Augmented Reality
Enables Conceptual Understanding of Challenging Science Content,” Journal of Educational Technology and Society 20 no. 1 (2017): 156.
149 Larysa Nadolny, “Interactive Print: The Design of Cognitive Tasks in Blended Augmented Reality and Print Documents,” British Journal of Educational Technology 48 no. 3 (2017): 816.
150 Rabia M. Yilmaz, Sevda Kucuk, and Yuksel Goktas, “Are Augmented Reality Picture Books Magic or Real for Preschool Children Aged Five to Six?,” British Journal of Educational Technology 48 no. 3 (2017): 824-825.
151 Ibid, 827.
152 Kun-Hung Cheng and Chin-Chung Tsai, “The Interaction of Child–Parent Shared Reading with an Augmented Reality (AR) Picture Book and Parents’ Conceptions of AR Learning,” British Journal of Educational Technology 47 no. 1 (2016): 206.
153 Shu-Chun Ho, Sheng-Wen Hsieh, Pei-Chen Sun and Cheng-Ming Chen, “To Activate
English Learning: Listen and Speak in Real Life Context with an AR Featured U-Learning System,” Journal of Educational Technology and Society 20 no. 2 (2017): 177.
154 Ibid, 179.
155 Ibid, 180.
156 I. Kazanidis, G. Palaigeorgiou, Α. Papadopoulou, and A. Tsinakos, “Augmented Interactive Video: Enhancing Video Interactivity for the School Classroom,” Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review 11 no. 2 (2018): 177, 178.
157 Ibid, 178.
158 Ibid, 178-179.
159 Ramón Iván Barraza Castillo, Vianey Guadalupe Cruz Sánchez, and Osslan Osiris Vergara Villegas, “A Pilot Study on the Use of Mobile Augmented Reality for Interactive Experimentation in Quadratic Equation,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering (2015): 4.
160 Ibid, 4.
161 Ibid, 6.
162 Ibid.
163 Ibid.
164 Anabel Martin-Gonzalez, Angel Chi-Poot, and Victor Uc-Cetina, “Usability Evaluation of
an Augmented Reality System for Teaching Euclidean Vectors,” Innovations in Education & Teaching International 53 no. 6 (2016): 628.
165 Ibid, 628, 629.
166 Ibid, 629.
167 Ibid.
168 AnneEstapa and Larysa Nadolny, “The Effect of an Augmented Reality Enhanced Mathematics Lesson on Student Achievement and Motivation,” Journal of STEM Education: Innovations & Research 16 no. 3 (2015): 41.
169 Teemu H. Laine, Eeva Nygren, Amir Dirin, and Hae-Jung Suk, “Science Spots AR: a Platform for Science Learning Games with Augmented Reality,” Educational Technology Research & Development 64 no. 3 (2016): 509.
170 Ibid, 511.
171 Ibid, 507.
172 Ibid, 516-517.
173 Ibid, 515.
174 Ibid, 516.
175 Ibid, 511
176 Ibid.
177 Ibid, 512.
178 Ibid.
179 Yu-Tung Kuo and Yu-Chung Kuo, “The Role of Augmented Reality and Its Application in
Learning,” International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society: Annual Review 13 no. 1 (2017): 2.
180 Ibid.
181 Ibid, 5.
182 Su-Ju Lu and Ying-Chieh Liu, “Integrating Augmented Reality Technology to Enhance
Children’s Learning in Marine Education,” Environmental Education Research 21 no. 4 (2015): 526.
183 Ibid, 530.
184 Ibid, 529.
185 Ibid, 530.
186 Ibid.
187 Susan Yoon, Emma Anderson, Joyce Lin, and Karen Elinich, “How Augmented Reality
Enables Conceptual Understanding of Challenging Science Content,” Journal of Educational Technology and Society 20 no. 1 (2017): 156.
188 Ibid, 159.
189 Natalie Bursztyn, Andy Walker, Brett Shelton, and Joel Pederson, “Assessment of Stu-
dent Learning Using Augmented Reality Grand Canyon Field Trips for Mobile Smart Devices,” Geosphere 13 no. 2 (2017): 260.
190 Ibid, 261.
191 Ibid.
192 Ibid.
193 Ibid.
194 Ibid.
195 Yu-Lien Chang, Huei-Tse Hou, Chao-Yang Pan, Yao-Ting Sung and Kuo-En Chang, “Apply an Augmented Reality in a Mobile Guidance to Increase Sense of Place for Heritage Places,” Journal of Education Technology and Society 18 no. 2 (2015): 166.
196 Ibid, 169.
197 Ibid, 171.
198 Yu-Tung Kuo and Yu-Chung Kuo, “The Role of Augmented Reality and Its Application in
Learning,” International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society: Annual Review 13 no. 1 (2017): 4.
199 Jeonghye Han, Miheon Jo, Eunja Hyun, and Hyo-jeong So, “Examining Young Children’s Perception Toward Augmented Reality-Infused Dramatic Play,” Educational Technology Research & Development 63 no. 3 (2015): 460.
200 Ibid.
201 Ibid.
202 Ibid, 462.
203 Ibid, 455-456.
204 José Bidarra and Ellen Rusman, “Towards a Pedagogical Model for Science Education:
Bridging Educational Contexts through a Blended Learning Approach,” Open Learning 32 no. 1 (2017): 11.
205 Carlos Carbonell Carrera and Luis A. Bermejo Asensio, “Landscape Interpretation with
Augmented Reality and Maps to Improve Spatial Orientation Skill,” Journal of Geography in Higher Education 41 no. 1 (2017): 122.
206 Tashko Rizov and Elena Rizova, “Augmented Reality as a Teaching Tool in Higher Education,” International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering & Education 3 no. 1 (2015): 7, 8, 10.
207 Global Education Futures, “Global Education 2015-2035,” Global Education Futures Initiative, accessed November 23, 2018, https://www.edu2035.org/images/people/Future%20of%20Global%20Education%20Map%20(2014)-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf
208 Yu-Tung Kuo and Yu-Chung Kuo, “The Role of Augmented Reality and Its Application in
Learning,” International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society: Annual Review 13 no. 1 (2017): 2.
209 Dennis Bray, Wetware: A Computer in Every Living Cell (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 46.
210 Juan Mateu, María José Lasala, and Xavier Alamán, “Developing Mixed Reality Educational Applications: The Virtual Touch Toolkit,” Sensors 15 no. 9 (2015): 21761-21762.
211 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “New York University: to Explore Higher Education
Applications of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning and Virtual Reality/Mixed reality/Augmented Reality to Solve Challenges in HigherEd for First Generation, Low Income and Underrepresented Minority Students,” in How We Work: Grants, November 27, 2017, https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database/Grants/2017/11/OPP1180123
212 Juan A. Muñoz-Cristóbal, Luis P. Prieto, Juan I. Asensio-Pérez, Alejandra Martínez-Monés, Iván M. Jorrín-Abellán, and Yannis Dimitriadis, “Coming Down to Earth: Helping Teachers Use 3D Virtual Worlds in Across-Spaces Learning Situations,” Journal of Educational Technology & Society 18 no. 1 (2015): 13.
213 Ibid, 18.
214 Ibid.
215 Pearson, “Pearson Announces Mixed Reality Pilots Designed to Solve Real World Learning Challenges at Colleges and Universities,” Pearson News & Events, October 26, 2016, https://www.pearson.com/us/about/news-events/news/2016/10/pearson-announces-mixed-reality-pilots-at-colleges-and-universities.html
216 Juan Mateu, María José Lasala, and Xavier Alamán, “Developing Mixed Reality Educational Applications: The Virtual Touch Toolkit,” Sensors 15 no. 9 (2015): 21761.
217 Jacquelyn J. Chini, Carrie L. Straub, and Kevin H. Thomas, “Learning from Avatars: Learning Assistants Practice Physics Pedagogy in a Classroom Simulator,” Physical Review Physics Education Research 12 no. 1 (2016): 15.
218 Ibid.
219 Ibid.
220 José Bidarra and Ellen Rusman, “Towards a Pedagogical Model for Science Education:
Bridging Educational Contexts through a Blended Learning Approach,” Open Learning 32 no. 1 (2017): 6.
221 Bridget M. Kuehn, “Virtual and Augmented Reality Put a Twist on Medical Education,”
Journal of American Medical Association 319 no. 8 (2018): 756-758.
222 Ibid.
223 Ibid.
224 Filip Górski, Pawel Bun, Radoslaw Wichniarek, Przemyslaw Zawadzki, Adam Hamrol, “Effective Design of Educational Virtual Reality Applications for Medicine Using Knowledge-Engineering Techniques,” EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education 13 no. 2 (2017): 395.
225 Juan Mateu, María José Lasala, and Xavier Alamán, “Developing Mixed Reality Educational Applications: The Virtual Touch Toolkit,” Sensors 15 no. 9 (2015): 21762.
226 Vincent Higgins, “Augmented & Virtual Reality: The Future of Work, Not Just Play,” Professional Safety 62 no. 6 (2017): 86.
227 Ibid.
228 Ibid.
229 Ibid.
230 Eugenijus Kurilovas, “Evaluation of Quality and Personalisation of VR/AR/MR Learning
Systems,” Behaviour & Information Technology 35 no. 11 (2016): 1000.
231 Global Education Futures, “Global Education 2015-2035,” Global Education Futures Initiative, accessed November 23, 2018, https://www.edu2035.org/images/people/Future%20of%20Global%20Education%20Map%20(2014)-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf
232 United States, Department of Education, “Secretary Betsy DeVos Announces ‘Rethink
School’ Tour,” Press Release, accessed December 2, 2018, https://www.ed.gov/news/media-advisories/secretary-betsy-devos-announces-rethink-school-tour
233 Arika Herron, “Education Secretary DeVos to Visit Indianapolis, Gary Schools Friday,”
Indy Star, September 13, 2017, https://www.indystar.com/story/news/education/2017/09/13/education-secretary-devos-visit-indianapolis-gary-schools-friday/663713001/
Tricia Harte, “Piloting Virtual Reality into the Classroom,” Fox 59, August 23, 2017, https://fox59.com/2017/08/23/piloting-virtual-reality-into-the-classroom/
234 Victory VR, “Trump Administration Takes Virtual Reality Curriculum for a Test Drive,” Victory VR: Education, News, Technology, September 18, 2017, http://www.victoryvr.biz/1519-2/
235 Ibid.
236 Ibid.
237 Emanuella Grinberg, “Would You Want Google Glass in Class?,” CNN, February 11, 2014, https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/10/living/google-glass-in-schools/index.html
Eric Boykin, “Google Glass in the Class: Wearable Technology of the Educational Future,” Duke University Digital Initiative, (2014), https://dukedigitalinitiative.duke.edu/google-glass-in-the-class-wearable-technology-of-the-educational-future
238 Jonathan Vanian, “Facebook Debuts Big Oculus Educational VR Push in Seattle, Taiwan, and Japan,” Fortune, August 28, 2018, fortune.com/2018/08/28/facebook-oculus-vr-education/
239 Signe Brewster, “The Best VR Headset for Your Phone,” Wirecutter: A New York Times Company, July 11, 2018, https://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-vr-headset-for-your-phone/
240 Paul Lamkin, “The Best Smartphone Headsets for VR Apps: Gear VR, Daydream, Card-
board and More – iOS and Android Compatible Devices,” Wareable, March 8, 2018, https://www.wareable.com/vr/best-smartphone-headsets-mobile-vr-apps-1655
241 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005), 337.
242 Eugenijus Kurilovas, “Evaluation of Quality and Personalisation of VR/AR/MR Learning
Systems,” Behaviour & Information Technology 35 no. 11 (2016): 998.
243 Mark Zuckerberg, “So What if You Could Type Directly from Your Brain,” Facebook, April 19, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/zuck/videos/vb.4/10103661167577621/?type=2&theater
244 Aatif Sulleyman, “Mind-Reading Headset Allowing People to Control Computers with
Their Thoughts Described in Microsoft Patent,” The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/mind-reading-headset-computer-control-thoughts-microsoft-patent-a8163976.html
245 Sydney Johnson, “This Company Wants to Gather Student Brainwave Data to Measure
‘Engagement,’” EdSurge, October 26, 2017, https://www.edsurge.com/news/2017-10-26-this-company-wants-to-gather-student-brainwave-data-to-measure-engagement
246 Ibid.
247 Ibid.
248 Ibid.
249 E. Paul Zehr, “The Potential Transformation of Our Species by Neural Enhancement,”
Journal of Motor Behavior 47 no. 1 (2015): 75
250 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005), 226-227.
251 Ibid, 316.
252 Ibid, 317.
253 2045 Strategic Social Initiative, “Ray Kurzweil about GF2045 and ‘Avatar,’” Global Future 2045 News, March 19, 2012, http://2045.com/news/29620.html
254 Katie Drummond, “Russian Mogul to ‘Forbes’ Billionaires: Limitless Lifespans Can Be
Yours,” Forbes, July 19, 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiedrummond/2012/07/19/dmitry-itskov-avatar/#2bc083a257ad
255 2045 Strategic Social Initiative, “Global Future 2045 International Congress,” Russia 2045, February 2012, quoted in Daniel Estulin, TransEvolution: The Coming Age of Human Deconstruction (Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2014), 162.
256 Ibid, 165.
257 Ibid, 164.
258 Ibid, 165.
259 Dominic Gover, “Bilderberg 2.0: The Singularity, Google’s Ray Kurzweil and the Ultimate
Power,” International Business Times, June 7, 2013, https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/google-conspiracy-bilderberg-singularity-476127
260 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005), 324-325.
261 Arjun Kharpal, “Elon Musk: Humans Must Merge with Machines or Become Irrelevant in AI Age,” CNBC, February 13, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/13/elon-musk-humans-merge-machines-cyborg-artificial-intelligence-robots.html
262 Ibid.
263 Elon Musk, interview by Joe Rogan, “Joe Rogan Experience #1169,” Powerful JRE, September 6, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPr5-27vSI
264 Ibid.
265 Rolfe Winkler, “Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers: Start-up from CEO of Tesla and SpaceX Aims to Implant Tiny Electrodes in Human Brains,” Wall Street Journal, March 27, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652
266 John Thornhill, “The March of the Technocrats: There Are Lessons to Be Learnt Today
from the ‘Revolt of the Engineers’ in the 1930s,” Financial Times, February 19, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/df695f10-154d-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44
267 Joseph C Keating Jr. and Scott Haldeman, “Joshua N Haldeman, DC: the Canadian Years, 1926-1950,” Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 39 no. 3 (1995): 172-186.
268 Ray Argyle, “The Last Utopians: Technocracy Promised Depression-Weary Canadians an End to Their Hardship. But the Offer Came with a Catch,” Canada’s History Society, January 1, 2018, https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/politics-law/the-last-utopians
269 Ibid.
Endnotes – Chapter 18
1 Max Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), 167.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Warwick Ashford, “CIA and Google Invest in High-Tech Crystal Ball Technology: The CIA
and Google Have Joined Forces to Fund a Start-up Company That Claims to Have the Technology to Predict the Future Using Information Collected from the Internet,” Computer Weekly, August 3, 2010, https://www.computerweekly.com/news/1280093436/CIA-and-Google-invest-in-high-tech-crystal-ball-technology
15 Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness, and Other Essays (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1958).
16 Editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica, “Taylorism: Scientific Management System,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed December 6, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/science/Taylorism
17 Erik Loomis, “US Workers Were Once Massacred Fighting for the Protections Being Rolled Back Today,” Moyers & Company, April 23, 2014, https://billmoyers.com/2014/04/23/us-workers-were-once-massacred-fighting-for-the-protections-being-rolled-back-today/
Sarah Jones, “The Pinkertons Still Never Sleep,” New Republic, March 23, 2018, https://newrepublic.com/article/147619/pinkertons-still-never-sleep
18 Chester McArthur Destler, “Entrepreneurial Leadership Among the ‘Robber Barons’: A
Trial Balance,” Journal of Economic History 6 (1946): 28-49.
19 Carnegie Mellon University, “The Fourth Industrial Revolution,” CMU News, January 20,
20 David Rothkopf, Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making (London: Little, Brown, 2008).
21 Thomas Henry Huxley, “Letter to Anton Dohrn, July 7, 1871,” The Huxley File, eds. Charles Blinderman and David Joyce (Clark University, 1998), https://mathcs.clarku.edu/huxley/letters/71.html#7jul1871
22 Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (London: Vintage, 2016), 409.
23 Mark Harris, “Inside the First Church of Artificial Intelligence,” Wired Magazine, November
24 Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks, “A Priorism in Moral Epistemology,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, June 28, 2016, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-epistemology-a-priori/
Sean Carroll, “Science And Morality: You Can’t Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is,’” NPR, May 4, 2010, https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2010/05/04/126504492/you-can-t-derive-ought-from-is
25 Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (New York:
Harper & Row, 1948).
United States of America, Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript
ความคิดเห็น